| Abortion |
Halt
in development of an organ after partial differentiation. |
| Abscission |
Premature drop off or falling of leaves, flowers, or fruit resulting from
abnormal development of anthocyanin pigments. |
| Acanthae |
Cuticular
projections on the surface and in the foregut of insects |
| Accessory
doublet |
Ring
of small microtubules surrounding the central tubules in the axoneme of
the sperm |
| Aeciospore |
A spore borne in an aecium; dikaryotic; separated by disjunctor pads |
| Aecium |
Cup-shaped sorus of the Uredinales producing aeciospores (pl. aecia) |
| Acephalic |
Head
capsule almost completely retracted into the thorax |
| Acervuli |
Saucer-shaped
structure with conidia on short conidiophores |
| Acetabulum |
Cavity
in the integument into which the protuberance of an appendage is fitted |
| Acid
gland |
Gland
which produces venom in Hymenoptera |
| Acrosome |
An
organelle found at the apex of the head of the sperm |
| Acrosome
reaction |
Leakage
of enzymes from the sperm which enables egg penetration |
| Acrotergite |
Narrow
sclerite on the anterior margin of the notum |
| Acrotrophic
ovary |
See
telotrophic ovary |
| Active
ingredient |
The ingredient in a pesticide
formulation that has the pesticidal effect. |
| Adecticious |
Pupal
form with non-functional mandibles |
| Adephaga |
Suborder
of the Coleoptera (beetles) e.g. ground beetles, tiger beetles |
| Aedeagus |
Distal
part of the phallus, principal part of the intromittent organ |
| Aeropyle |
Structure
of the eggshell responsible for respiration |
| Agar |
A substance produced from certain red algae used to make culture media into
gels |
| Agronomy |
The
theory and practice of crop production and soil management. |
| Alinotum |
Anterior
wing-bearing region of the pterothoracic notum |
| Allelopathic |
A
chemical process that a plant uses to keep other plants from growing too
close to it |
| Allocryptic |
Resembling
familiar objects in its environment for concealment |
| Allopatric
speciation |
Allo = Greek for 'other', 'another'; patria = Greek for 'country' (fatherland).
Speciation between geographically separated populations |
| Allospecific |
From
or of another species |
| Allosematic |
Resembling
the colouration of dangerous or inedible animals or plants for protection |
| Alternative
host |
A
host other than the normal (crop) host on which the pathogen can exist |
| Alien
plant |
A
plant from another country |
| Ametaboly |
Lacking
metamorphosis; adult resembles the immature stages |
| Amphigynous |
Where
the antheridium surrounds the oogonial stalk (in certain Pythiaceae) |
| Amplexiform |
Wing
coupling where the jugum of the forewing overlaps the humeral lobe of the
hindwing |
| Anagenesis |
Evolution
of a feature or features within a lineage, including the gradual evolution
into a ‘new’ species without splitting into two taxa |
| Anagenesis |
Process
of progressive evolution |
| Analogy |
Structures
in two different organisms with the same function |
| Anal
veins (vannal veins) |
Associated
with the third axillary sclerite |
| Anamorphosis |
Development
of additional abdominal segments in the adult stage |
| Androconia |
Specialised
scale in Lepidoptera that disseminate scents |
| Angiosperms |
Flowering
plants |
| Anisoptera |
Suborder
of Odonata (dragonflies) |
| Annuals |
A
plant which grows, produces seeds, and dies within one year |
| Anocellate |
Lacking
ocelli |
| Antecosta |
Apodemal
projection |
| Antecostal
suture |
Suture
separating the acrotergite and alinotum |
| Antennal
mechanosensory and motor centre |
Found
in the middle region of the brain and innervates the antennae where it is
responsible for mechanoreception |
| Anterior
notal wing process |
Anterior
articulation point for the wing |
| Anthesis |
The
period of flowering |
| Anthocyanescence |
A
reddish or purplish colouration of leaves resulting from abnormal development
of anthocyanin pigments. |
| Anthophilous |
Feeding
on flower parts |
| Anthracnose |
Dark,
sunken, necrotic spots or patches |
| Apical
(=distal) |
Structure
or part of a structure furthest from the body |
| Apneustic
respiratory system |
Respiration
is through the integument and spiracles are closed |
| Apodeme |
Cuticular
inflection of the body wall marked externally by pits |
| Apocrita |
Suborder
of Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) e.g. ants, wasps |
| Apodous |
Larval
type without legs |
| Apolysis |
Stage
of moulting where the old and new cuticle separate |
| Apomorphic |
Derived
or recent condition |
| Apophyses |
Arm-like
apodemes |
| Aposematic |
Colouration
warning of unpalatibility |
| Apothecium |
Saucer
or cup-shaped ascocarp (pl. apothecia) |
| Appendix
dorsalis |
Long
median filament at the end of the abdomen |
| Apposition
eye |
Forms
an image when light reaching the rhabdom enters through the lens of that
same ommatidium. Typical of diurnal insects |
Appressoria
(sing. appressorium) |
Swellings
on germ tubes or hyphae, rounded and either simple or lobed, adhere firmly
to surfaces by their mucilaginous walls. Formed as holdfasts from which
fine infecting hyphae can be forced down through protective structures such
as the cuticle overlying epidermal cells. |
| Apterous |
Insect
which is totally wingless |
| Aptery |
Condition
where insect is totally wingless |
| Apterygotes |
Hexapod
arthropods that are primitively without wings, now usually considered an
artificial group (paraphyletic) - Archaeognatha and Thysanura |
| Arolium |
A
lobe of the pretarus arising between the claws. |
| Archeognatha |
Order
of insects in the Subclass Apterygota: bristletails |
| Arrhenotokous |
Producing
male offspsring from unfertilised eggs |
| Ascocarp |
An
ascus-producing structure in the Ascomycota |
| Ascomycota |
The
group of fungi which produce ascospores in asci and is the largest fungal
phylum |
| Ascospores |
Spores
produced by the Ascomycota which are borne in asci |
| Ascus |
Typical
sexual reproductive cell of the Ascomycota; usually contains eight haploid
ascospores (pl. asci) |
| Aseptate
hypha |
Hyphae
which do not have septa |
| Asexual
spores |
Spores
that are as a result of vegetative reproduction (similar to budding) |
| Assemblage |
A
group or collection of taxonomically related species living in a particular
area |
| Assembly
zone |
Above
the epidermal cells and beneath the cuticle in the integument |
| Attenuate |
Becoming
progressively thinner |
| Auchenorrhyncha |
Suborder
of the Hemiptera (bugs) e.g. cicadas, spittlebugs, leafhoppers, treehoppers |
| Autapomorphy |
A
derived character unique to a single taxon, useful for diagnosing a taxon,
but lacking information on related taxa. For example, all scorpions can
be recognised by their unique terminal sting, but this character provides
no information about their relationship to other chelicerates.<a name="b" id="b"></a> |
| Autotomy |
Shedding
of appendages for defence |
| Autotroph |
‘self
nourishing’ — organisms (e.g. Green plants) that produce their
own food from inanimate nature; opposed to heterotroph |
| Axillary
region |
Basal
area of the wing; contains the axillary sclerites. |
| Axoneme |
Functional
unit of the flagellum consisting of microtubules |
| Axon |
Principle
nerve fibre of a neurone |
| Bark
roughening |
Formation
of rough bark where smooth bark normally occurs. |
| Basalare
|
A
sclerite at the base of the wing anterior of the pleural wing process. |
| Basal
pigment cells |
When present, surrounds the base of the retinular cells |
| Basement
membrane |
Bottom layer of the integument |
| Basidiomycota |
Phylum
of fungi characterised by the formation of club-shaped structures termed
basidia which each produce four haploid basidiospores. Includes fungi most
familiar to people eg. mushrooms |
| Basidiospore |
A
(haploid) spore produced by a basidium. |
| Basidium
|
Typical
sexual reproductive cell of the Basidiomycota; usually produces four haploid
basidiospores (pl. basidia) |
| Basisternum |
Anterior sclerite of the mediosternite. |
| Batesian
mimicry |
Harmless
edible species resemble harmful, inedible species |
|
Bauplan |
Body
plan, the basic structural organisation of a group of organisms |
| Biocontrol |
Introduction
of natural enemies (parasites, predators, and/or pathogenic microorganisms)
to reduce or suppress populations of plant or animal pests |
|
Biodiversity |
The
diversity of life, including genes, populations, species, assemblages and
communities |
| Biomass |
A renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste |
| Biotrophic |
Living
in balance with the host, at least initially |
| Biotrophy |
Gain
nutrients from living host cells by means of haustoria |
|
Biramous |
Limbs
with ‘two branches’, as in the primitive arthropod limb |
| Blackleg |
Necrosis of stem tissues causing a darkening and rotting of stem bases |
| Blasting |
Failure
to develop fruit. |
| Blattodea |
Order
of insects: cockroaches |
|
Bleeding |
Sudden
drying and browning of whole leaves, shoots or branches. |
| Blight |
Sudden and extensive shrivelling and death of certain areas of the plant;
coalescence of many individual lesions |
| Brachypterous |
Condition
where wings are disproportionately small in relation to the body |
| Brachyptery |
Condition
where wings are disproportionately small in relation to the body |
| Brachycera |
Suborder
of Diptera (flies) e.g. march flies, hover flies, houseflies, blow flies.
|
| Branchial
chamber |
Enlarged
anterior part of the rectum forms a chamber which contains a system of tracheal
gills, the branchial basket. Found in dragonflies. |
| Buccal
cavity |
Region
of the foregut immediately inside the mouth |
|
Burn |
A
synonym for scorch. |
| Bursa
copulatrix |
A
sac-like vagina |
| Caeca |
A
blind sac or pouch attached to the gut |
| Caelifera |
A
suborder of Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets) e.g. short horned grasshoppers |
| Calcar |
A
spur used for grooming in Hymenoptera |
| Callus
|
Overgrowths
of tissue produced in response to injury or other irritation and which tend
to cover a wound, canker etc. |
| Calyx |
Enlargement
of the lateral oviduct near the pedicel of the ovariole |
| Canker |
A
sunken necrotic lesion beginning in the bark of branches, trunk or roots
and usually becoming deeper and wider by normal or accelerated secondary
growth (callusing) of cambium, phellogen, and traumatic meristem. |
| Campodeiform |
Larva
which is elongated, flattened with long well-developed legs |
| Capitate |
Having
a knob or head at the apex. |
| Capitulum |
Cap-like
structure on the operculum |
| Cardo |
Basal
segment of maxilla; bears stipes |
| Carinae |
Elevated
cuticular ridges |
| Carotenoids |
Pigments
which produce yellow and orange colours |
| Caudal
gill |
A
type of tracheal gill which occurs in some Odonata |
| Caudal
visceral nervous system |
Nervous system that innervates the posterior part of the hindgut and reproductive
organs |
| Caudal
style |
See
appendiix dorsalis |
| Central
nervous system |
Central
series of ganglia extending the length of the body |
| Central
tubules |
Conspicuous
elements of the axoneme |
| Cerci |
Abdominal
appendages which originate on segment 11 |
| Chelicerae |
The
most anterior feeding appendages in the Chelicerata, usually pincer-like,
but may be modified into fangs (e.g. Spiders) or stylets (e.g. Spider mites) |
| Chlamydospore |
A
thick-walled asexual spore formed by the rounding up of an existing cell |
| Chlorophyll |
The
green pigment in plants that absorbs energy from sunlight necessary for
photosynthesis. |
| Chlorosis |
Yellowing
of leaves as a result of inhibition of chlorophyll production. Often caused
by nutrient deficiencies |
| Chlorotic
spots |
Yellow
spots on leaves as a result of inhibition of chlorophyll production. Often
caused by nutrient deficiencies |
| Chordotonal
organ |
Subcuticular
sound receptor |
| Cibarial
pump |
A
pumping mechanism adapted for imbibing fluids e,g, Homoptera |
| Cibarium |
Dorsal
food pouch in the preoral cavity (formed by the hypopharynx) |
| Characters |
Anatomical
features |
| Character
states |
Stages
of expression of the characters |
| Chitin |
Major
component of cuticle |
|
Clades |
Branches
on the tree on life; monophyletic groups |
|
Cladistics |
Phylogenetic
systematics, the discovery and use of monophyletic groups |
|
Cladogenesis |
The
splitting pattern produced by speciation; the generation of clades |
|
Cladogram |
A
picture (diagram) of phylogenetic relationships; a representation of a hypothesis
about the relationships among monophyletic groups |
| Clavate |
Club-shaped |
| Cleistothecium |
An ascocarp with an enclosed globuse structure with no natural opening that
ruptures when mature |
| Clypeus
|
Sclerite
immediately above labrum |
| Coarctate |
Pupal
development occurs in a puparium |
| Coeloconic
sensillum |
Sense
organ sunk into a pit or depression in the integument |
| Coenocytic
|
Possessing
a protoplast which is multinucleate and/or without cross walls |
| Coleoptera |
Order
of insects: beetles. Greek coleos = sheath; pteron = wing |
| Collaterial
gland |
Gland
that secretes adhesive substances |
| Collembola |
Class
of entognathous hexapods: springtails. Greek, kolla = glue; embolon
= peg. |
| Collophore |
Appendage
on the 1st abdominal segment in Collembola |
|
Community |
All interacting species that occur in a given area; it is very rare to study
a complete community, but common to study assemblages |
| Competition |
An
interacation between plants that consume resources present in a limited
supply |
| Competitive
cultivars |
Cultivars
which compete with weeds |
| Competitive
crop species |
Crop species which compete with weeds, suppressing weed growth and weed
seed production while maintaining acceptable grain yields. |
|
Complementarity |
A
way of viewing two species assemblages that emphasises the differences between
them; the ratio of the number of species unique to a collection to the total
number of species in two collections |
|
Condyle |
A
knob-like process which articulates the mandible to the head |
| Conidiophore |
Asexual
spore exposed directly to the atmosphere and borne on conidiophores (pl.
conidia) |
| Conidium |
simple or branched hyphae |
|
Conspecific |
Of
the same species |
| Containment |
Keep the harmful weeds within limits and reduce the rate of spread of a
new weed |
|
Control decision |
Pest
control decision made that relies on a cost to benefit assessment of the
pest situation |
| Convergent
evolution |
Structures
resembling one another without a common origin |
|
Coprophagy |
Eating
faeces |
| Coralloid |
Having
the form or consistency of coral |
| Corbiculae |
Pollen
basket found on the coxa of Hymenoptera |
| Cornicles |
Secretory
structures on the abdomen of aphids |
| Costal
vein |
Dominant
vein near or confluent with the anterior margin of the wing |
|
Coxa |
First
segment of the leg, attached to the thorax |
|
Coxopodite |
Base
of the primitive insect leg now represented by the coxa |
| Crepuscular |
Indicates
an organism is active at dusk or dawn |
| Crystalline
cone |
Immediately
beneath the lens; composed of a translucent material. |
| Crop |
Part
of the foregut where food is stored |
| Crop
rotation |
Crops
are changed year by year in a planned sequence |
| Cropping
system |
The
system used to grow and manage crops for particular end-usesIs |
| Crop
topping |
Applying
herbicides late in the season to control weed seed set |
| Crotchets |
Curved
hooks or spines on the prolegs of Lepidoptera |
| Cryptic |
An
insect imitates a plant part or inanimate object |
| Crypsis |
Insect
imitating a plant part or inanimate object |
|
Cryptogams |
‘hidden
reproducers’, mosses, liverworts and lichens |
| Ctenidia |
Rearward
projecting cuticular spines on fleas |
| Cubital
vein |
Fifth
vein, associated with the distal median plate |
| Curl
(roll) |
Abnormal
bending or curling of leaves or shoots due to localized overgrowth on one
side or in certain tissues. |
| Cursorial |
Adapted
for running |
| Cuticle |
Outer
most layer of the integument |
| Cuticular
intima |
Inner
most layer of the gut |
| Cuticulin
layer |
Layer
of the epicuticle; barrier between the old and new cuticle |
| Cyclopean
ear |
Hearing
organ in mantids; found on the metathoracic leg |
| Cytochrome |
A
family of over 60 enzymes the body uses to metabolise toxic hydrocarbons,
and make blood. |
| Ecdysial
suture |
Longitudinal
suture on head; important in moulting |
| Ecdysis |
Final stage
of moulting where the old cuticle is shed |
| Eclosion |
The emergence
of immature stage from the egg i.e. hatching |
| Economic
loss |
Financial
loss to a grower resulting from lower yield or reduced quality of a grown
crop |
| Economic
threshold |
The
pest density at which management intervention must be taken to prevent the
pest from reaching the economic injury level. |
| Ecosystem |
A naturally occuring assemblage of organisms (plant, animal and other living
organisms) living together with their environment, functioning as a unit
of sorts. |
| Ectognatha |
Hexapods
whose mandibles remain exposed and are not extensible. These are the true
insects. |
| Ejaculatory
duct |
Duct formed
by the joining of the vas deferens from each testis |
| Elytra |
Modified,
hardened forewing in beetles that protects the hind wing |
| Embioptera |
Order of
insects: webspinner. |
| Empodium |
Median lobe
or spine arising ventrally between the pretarsal claws |
| Endocuticle |
Inner most
layer of the cuticle |
| Endophallus |
Inner chamber
of the phallus invaginated at the end of the aedeagus into which the ejaculatory
duct opens |
| Endopterygota |
Insects
which develop wings internally |
| End-twigging |
End branching
of wing veins in dragonflies (Odonata) |
| Ensifera |
Suborder
of Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) which are the long-horned grasshoppers
e.g. king crickets, katydids, wood crickets, mole crickets. |
| Entognatha |
Hexapods
which maintain their andibles concealed when not in use e.g. Protura, Collembola
and Diplura |
| Entomophagous |
Insect-eating |
| Environmental
weeds |
Plants that
invade native communities or ecosystems |
| Ephemeroptera |
Order of insects: mayflies. Greek, ephemeros = lasting a day; pteron
= wing |
|
Epidermis |
Layer immediately above the basement membrane |
| Epididymis |
Highly convoluted
seminal vesicle |
| Epimeron |
Posterior
sclerite of the pleuron. |
| Epimorphosis |
Fixed number
of body segments in the embryo before hatching |
| Epinasty |
A
leaf curl in which the leaves turn downward, due to a more rapid growth
of cells on the upper side than on the lower side of the leaf stalk. |
| Epiproct |
Dorsal surface
of the 11th abdominal segment |
| Episternum |
Anterior
sclerite of the pleuron. |
| Epitoky |
Successive
alternation of a feeding, non-reproductive instar with a reproductive instar
during the adult stage |
| Eradication |
To
get rid of completely |
| Eruciform |
Larval type
which is caterpillar-like, cylindrical with short legs |
|
Etiolation |
A
symptom complex in which the major symptoms are dwarfing of foliage and
inflorescence, spindly stem growth, and chlorosis. |
|
Etiology |
The
study of the cause of disease |
| Eucephalic |
Fully exposed,
well-developed head capsule |
|
Eukaryote |
Having
intracellular, membrane-bound organelles |
| Eusocial |
Insects
that display social characteristics e.g. Termites |
| Eusternum |
Anterior
region of the sternum - divided into presternum, basisternum and sternellum.
|
| Exarate |
Pupal form
with free appendages |
| Exite
theory |
The theory
that wings evolved from pre-existing coxal exites |
| Exocuticle |
Outer layer
of the cuticle |
| Exopterygota |
Insects
whose wings develop externally |
| Haemocoel |
The
large body cavity in which haemolymph flows |
| Haemolymph |
Insect
"blood" |
| Hair
plates |
Concentrations
of setae found on many parts of the body |
| Hairy
root |
A
type of fasciculation affecting the roots. |
| Haltere |
Modified
hindwing of Diptera; used for balancing |
| Hamulate
coupling |
Hooks
(hamuli) on the costal region of hindwings engage with the anal region of
forewings |
| Harpagones |
Accesory
clasping structures |
| Hastisetae |
Setae
which are used in defense in larval carpet/hide beetles |
| Haustellate |
Having
mouthparts adapted for sucking e.g. bugs |
| Haustorium |
A
hyphal branch which penetrates a host cell and absorbs nutrients from it
(pl. haustoria) |
| Hemelytron |
Forewings
in Heteroptera, with a hardened basal region |
| Hemi-biotrophy |
Gain nutrients by both biotrophic and necrotrophic
means |
| Hemicephalic |
Head
capsule more or less reduced or incomplete posteriorly |
| Hemimetabolous |
Life
cycle where there is one conspicuous radical change in form from immature
to adult |
| Hemiptera |
Order
of insects: bugs. Greek, hemi=half; pteron = wing |
| Herbicide |
Chemicals
that kill plants principally by interfering with the normal biochemical
processes of plants |
| Herbicide
resistance |
The
inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure
to a dose of herbicide that would normally be lethal to the wild type |
| Herbivore |
An
animal that gets its energy from eating plants, and only plants |
|
Heterogony |
‘Cyclical
production of males |
| Heteroptera |
‘Suborder
of the Hemiptera (bugs) e.g. stink bugs, assassin bugs, jewel bugs |
| Heterotrophy
|
Adventitious
development of normal tissues or organs in unusual areas. |
|
Heterotroph |
‘different
nourishing’ – organisms (e.g. Animals) that obtain food from other
organisms; opposed to autotroph |
| Histogenesis |
Development
and formation of tissue |
| Histolysis |
Breakdown
and dissolving of tissue or internal structure by the haemolymph |
| Holometabolous |
Life
cycle where there is a pupal stage between immature and adult stages |
| Holoptic |
Large
eyes which meet medially |
|
Homology |
The
study of the same structure or gene in different organisms |
|
Homoplasy |
Phylogenetic
noise; mistaken homologies due to convergence |
| Honeydew |
A
watery fluid containing sugars eliminated from some Homoptera |
| Humeral
plate |
Anterior
sclerite at the wing base, supports the costa |
| Humeral
vein |
Cross
vein connecting the costa and subcosta. |
| Hyaline
|
Clear,
colourless |
| Hydathode |
A
structure (usually in a leaf) that permits the release of liquid water through
a pore in the epidermis |
| Hydropyle |
Device
which absorbs water |
| Hydrosis
|
A
water-soaked, translucent appearance of leaves, fruits and green stems due
to the extrusion of water from the cells into the intercellular spaces. |
| Hymenium |
Sporing
layer of a fruiting body (pl. hymenia) |
| Hymenoptera |
Order
of insects: ants, bees and wasps. Greek, hymen = membrane; pteron
= wing |
| Hypandrium |
Ninth
segment of males in some insects |
| Hypergamesis |
Process
where excess sperm are used by the female |
| Hypermetamorphosis |
Undergoing
major morphological changes between larval instars |
| Hyperparasitoid |
Parasitoid
of a parasitoid |
| Hyperplasia |
An
abnormal increase in the number of cells in a particular tissue or organ. |
| Hypertrophy |
An
abnormal increase in the size of a plant or plant part due generally to
an abnormal increase in the size of the cells. |
| Hypha |
Multicellular
branching filaments of fungi (pl. hyphae) |
| Hypocotyl |
The
part of a seedling below the cotyledons and above the root |
| Hypognathous
|
Mouthparts
oriented vertically |
| Hypopharynx |
Lobe
which extends from back of preoral cavity; divides preoral cavity horizontally |
| Hypostomal
bridge |
Fusion
of the posterior region of the subgena |
| Macrochaetae |
Long,
non-articulated setae on the forewing of Trichoptera |
| Macroptery |
Condition
where wings are fully developed |
| Macrochaetae |
(=macrotrichia)
long, non-articulated setae on the forewing of Trichoptera |
|
Macrophytes |
Large
plants; opposed to microphytes, e.g. Single-celled algae |
| Malpighian
tubules |
Organs
of excretion found at the junction of mid- and hindgut. |
| Mandible |
Paired
sclerotised "jaws" |
| Mantodea |
Order
of insects: preying mantids |
| Manubrium |
Medial
component of the furcula |
| Maxilla |
Paired,
segmented secondary jaws; between mandibles and labium |
| Meconium |
Substance
excreted by prepupa or pupa or by newly emerged adults of certain insects
|
| Mecoptera |
Order
of insects: scorpion flies. Greek, mecos = long; pteron =
wing |
| Medial
cross vein |
Connects
secondary branches of median, M2 and M3. |
| Medial
vein |
Fourth
vein; associated with the median plates |
| Medio-cubital
cross vein |
Connects
posterior most branch of median with anterior most branch of cubital |
| Megaloptera |
Order
of insects: alderflies. Greek, megas = large, pteron = wing. |
| Melanins |
Pigments
which produce brown and black colours |
| Meron |
A
posterior subdivision of the coxa which dissociates from the coxa and becomes
incorporated into the pleural wall. |
| Mesocuticle |
Transitional
cuticular region associated with the endocuticle |
| Mesosoma |
Combined
propodeum and thorax in Hymenoptera |
| Mesospore |
A
1-celled teliospore among 2-celled ones |
| Mesothorax |
Second
segment of the thorax |
|
Metamerism |
The
organisation of an arthropods body as a serially repeated series of body
segments |
| Metamorphosis |
Changes
in body form from immature to adult |
| Metasoma |
Remaining
abdominal segments in Hymenoptera |
| Metathorax |
Third
segment of the thorax |
| Micropyle |
Minute
aperture in the chorion of the egg |
| Microchaetae
|
(=microtrichae)
Short, non-articulated setae on forewing of Diptera; hair-like structures
similar to setae but are fixed |
| Microchaetae
|
One
of a number of small tubular structures found inside nearly all cells used
for the transport of materials inside cells |
| Microtubules |
A
hollow cylindrical tube found inside nearly all cells and used for the transport
of materials inside cells. |
| Mitosis |
The
process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are
genetically identical to each other and to the parent. |
| Monocondylic
mandible |
Mandible
with a single articulation point with the head |
|
Monophyletic |
A
group of taxa all descended from the same common ancestor, and including
all descendents of that ancestor; a clade |
| Monotrysia |
Female
Lepidoptera with 1 terminal abdominal aperture |
| Morphogenesis |
Anatomical
change of structure during development |
| Morphospecies |
‘form
species’ an OUT based on general appearance, without confirmation of
species identity. Also, a species diagnosed on strictly morphological characters. |
| Mosaic |
Pale
green mottling of leaves. |
| Motor
neurone |
Innervate
and stimulate muscles |
| Moult |
Process
of new cuticle formation and the shedding of the old cuticle |
| Mucron |
Sharp
pointed structures of the furcula |
| Muellerian
mimicry |
Two
or more distasteful or harmful species mimic each other |
| Mulch |
A protective layer of a organic or inorganic material that is spread on
top of the soil e.g. pine bark, straw, plastic, stones |
| Mulching |
To
place a protective layer of a material on top of the soil to protect the
soil, reduce water loss etc. |
| Multivoltine |
Insects
with many generations in a year or season |
| Mummy |
A
dried shrivelled fruit that is generally the result of a fungus disease. |
|
Mycophagous |
Fungus eating |
|
Mycelium |
A
mass of hyphae (pl. mycelia) |
|
Mycorrhiza |
Fungal
symbiotes associated with plant roots |
| Palaeoptera |
Insects
with wings not folded over the body at rest e.g. Odonata., |
| Palar
pegs |
Found
on tibia of some water insects, used to grasp female during mating. |
| Palpifer |
A
sclerite on the stipes which bears the palp |
| Panoistic
ovary |
Ovarioles
lack trophocytes |
| Papillae |
Small,
rounded processes |
| Papillate |
Bearing
papillae |
| Paragynous
|
Having
the antheridium alongside the oogonium (typical of some Pythiaceae) |
| Paramere |
Accesory
clasping structure |
| Paraphysis
|
A
sterile hypha in a hymenium (pl. paraphyses) |
| Paraproct |
Ventrolateral
plates of the 11th abdominal segment |
| Pars
intercerebralis |
Anterior
mediodorsal part of the protocerebral lobes |
| Parthenogenesis |
Reproduction
without fertilisation by male sperm |
| Pathogen |
Disease-causing
organism |
| Paraglossae |
Outer
lobes on prementum (part of labium) |
|
Paranotal theory |
The
hypothesis that insect wings evolved from thoracic lobes |
|
Parapatric speciation |
oara
= Greek for 'beside'; patria = Greek for 'country' (fatherland).
Speciation between adjacent populations |
|
Paraphyletic group |
An
unnatural taxon in which some descendants of a common ancestor have not
been included (e.g. Reptilia without Aves) |
| Pedial
tympanum |
Hearing
organ on the legs of Orthoptera |
|
Pedipalps |
The
second pair of mouthparts in chelicerates, typically palp-like, but sometimes
chelate (e.g. In scorpions) |
| Perennial
plant |
A
plant that lives for several years |
| Pericardial
sinus |
Dorsal
body compartment surrounding the hear |
| Peridium |
The
outer wall of a fruiting body |
| Peripheral
nervous system |
Nerves that connect with the central and visceral nervous systems. |
| Perithecium |
Ascocarp
which is flask-shaped with a pore (ostiole) through which ascospores escape |
| Peritrophic
membrane |
Multi-layered
midgut membrane which serves many functions |
| Permanent
pastures |
Pastures
not used in a cropping rotation, but which may be frequently or infrequently
re-sown |
| Phallobase |
Proximal
part of the phallus |
| Phallotreme |
Apical
opening of the endophallus |
| Phallus |
Intromittent
organ of the male |
| Pharate |
Concealed
stage enclosed in the old cuticle of the preceding stage |
| Pharyngeal
pump |
The
sucking pump of some fluid feeding insects |
| Phasmatodea |
Order
of insects: stick insects. Greek, phasma" = apparition, ghost |
| Phellogen |
Cork
cambium |
| -phore
|
(suff.)
- a stalk |
| Photosystem
I |
One
of three major photosynthetic reaction centres. PSI creates the materials
used in later photosynthetic reactions such as food production for the plant. |
| Photosystem
II |
Is
used in conjuction with Photosystem I. It splits water into oxygen and hydrogen
atoms and is responsible for the production of atmospheric oxygen, essential
for aerobic life on this planet |
| Phototaxis
|
Response
to light |
| Phragma |
An
enlarged apodemal projection (antecosta) for muscle attachment. |
| Phthiraptera |
Order
of insects: lice. Greek, phthir = lice, aptera = wingless |
|
Phylogeny |
The
history of life; evolutionary history of a group |
| Physogastric |
Abdomen
swollen usually with eggs or larvae e.g. Termite queen |
| Phytohormones |
Plant
hormones |
| Phytophagous |
Insects
that feed on plants |
| Phytoplasma |
Prokaryotic
organism (mollicutes) that is round to elongate in shape |
| Pili |
A structure that can aid the attachment of bacterial cells to plant surfaces;
believed to be a means for genetic exchange between bacterial cells by conjugation |
| Pilifer |
Small
lobe-like, often bristled remnant of the labrum located on each side at
the lower angle of the face of adult Lepidoptera; it is sometimes long and
touching either the proboscis or the inner face of the labial palpus.
|
| Pit |
Conical
invagination of the integument |
| Pitting |
Superficial
depressions in the surface of succulent organs resulting in the death and
shrinkage of subepidermal cells. |
| Placode
sensillum |
Plate-like
cuticular sense organ |
| Planidium |
Mobile
first instar of some paratisitc Hymenoptera |
| Plasmodium |
(of
Myxomycota) a multinucleate, naked, amoeboid body (pl. plasmodia) |
| Plastron |
Hairs
or cuticular structures which hold a thin layer of gas permanently in position;
functions as a physical gill |
| Plecoptera |
Order
of insects: stoneflies. Greek, plekein = to fold, pteron =
wing |
| Pleomorphic
cells |
Cells
with many shapes |
| Plesiomorphic |
Primitive
condition |
| Pleural
suture |
Suture
dividing the pleuron into an episternum and epimeron |
| Pleural
wing process |
Wing
fulcrum found on the dorsal margin of the pleuron, on which the base of
the wing rests |
| Pleurites |
Sclerites
in the pleural region of the body wall |
| Pleurosternal
suture |
Boundary
between the pleuron and sternum. |
| Pleuron |
Lateral
walls of the thorax |
| Plicae |
Longitudinal
folds which extend the length of the proventriculus |
| Plumose
gills |
Feather-like
gills |
| Polyembryony |
Many
individuals from one egg |
| Polygenic
inheritance |
Inherited characteristics are controlled by genes at many loci located on
several chromosomes. The different loci all combine to produce the final
phenotype. |
| Polygenic
resistance |
Resistance under the control of several genes. It is a partial resistance
which is more difficult to select as it is influenced by climatic conditions |
| Polypneustic
respiratory system |
Respiratory
system characterised by 8 or more pairs of spiracles, and is subdivided
into holopneustic, peripneustic and hemipneustic. |
| Polymorphism |
Several
anatomical forms or colour variants displayed in one species |
| Polyphaga |
Suborder
of Coleoptera (beetles) e.g. blister beetles, click beetles, leaf beetles |
|
Polyphyletic |
The
worst sin in phylogenetic systematics, an unnatural taxonomic group whose
members do not share a recent common ancestor |
| Polypodous |
Larval
type with 3 thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs |
| Polytrophic
ovary |
Ovariole
consists of alternating layers of oocytes and trophocytes |
| Population |
Plants/animals
of a particular type or group who live in an area together |
| Pore
canals |
Canals
that extend from the epidermis to the cuticle |
| Postalar
bridge |
Extension
of the postnotum connecting with the epimeron |
| Postcoxal
bridge |
Extension
of the epimeron connecting the pleuron and sternum behind the coxa. |
| Postcubitus |
First
anal vein; associated with the cubital vein |
| Postmentum |
Part
of the labium attched to the head; can be divided into mentum and submentum |
| Posterior
notal wing process |
Posterior
articulation point for the wing |
| Postgena
|
Region
immediately posterior to the gena |
| Postgenal
bridge |
Formed
by the fusion of the postgena |
| Postnotum |
Posterior
region of the notum, bearing the phragma |
| Postoccipital
suture |
Suture
which separates the occiput and postocciput |
| Postocciput
|
Sclerite
found behind the postoccipital suture; surrounds the occipital foramen |
| Postscutellum |
Rounded
ridge under the mesoscutellum in some flies (Tachinidae) |
| Prealar
bridge |
Externsion
of the prescutum connecting with the episternum |
| Precoxal
bridge |
Extension
of the episternum, connects the pleuron and sternum anterior to coxa |
| Prementum |
Apical
part of postmentuml bears glossae, paraglossae and palps |
| Prescutal
suture |
Separates
the prescutum and scutum |
| Prescutum |
Anterior
sclerite of the alinotum |
| Presternum |
Small
anterior sclerite of the eusternum |
| Pretarsus |
Distal-most
portion of the leg |
| Primary
pigment cell |
Surrounds
cone and proximal portion of the lens. Pigment does not migrate |
| Procuticle |
Endocuticle
and exocuticle together |
| Prognathous
|
Mouthparts
directed anteriorly |
| Prolegs |
Abdominal
legs found in Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera |
|
Prolepsis |
Premature
development of a shoot from a bud. |
| Proliferation
(prolification) |
Continued
or extended development of a plant part after reaching a stage at which
normal growth ceases. |
|
Promycelium |
(of
Uredinales and Ustilaginales) a short hypha which grows from a teliospore
and produces basidiospores (the basidium of these orders) |
| Proneustic
respiratory system |
A
respiratory system characterised by a mesothoracic spiracle only e.g Diptera
larvae |
| Pronotum |
Anterior
dorsal sclerite of the thorax |
|
Prophylactic |
Tending
to prevent disease; a substance so used |
|
Prophylactic weed control |
This
approach aims to prevent reinfestations or symptoms from re-occurring which
requires population to drastically reduced |
| Propodeum |
First
abdominal segment of hymenoptera; associated with the thorax |
|
Prosoma |
‘front
body’, the anterior body tagma in chelicerates, sometimes called the
cephalothorax |
| Prothorax |
First
segment of the thorax |
| Protocephalon
|
Primitive
groundplan head |
| Protocerebral
bridge |
Connects the two hemispheres of the protocerebrum |
| Protocerebral
lobes |
Part of the protocerebrum |
| Protocerebrum |
Anteriormost part of brain |
| Protura |
Class
of entognathous hexapods |
| Proventriculus |
Part
of the foregut, posterior to the crop which grinds food |
| Proximal
(= basal) |
Structure
or part of a structure closest to the body. |
| Proximal
median plate |
Between
the second and third axillary sclerites. Attaches to the medial and cubital
veins. |
| Pseudergates |
Worker-like
caste but not a true worker as nymphs moult into soldiers, primary reproductives
or secondary reproductives |
| Pseudothecium |
Not a true ascocarp, rather the asci are formed directly in cavities within
a matrix of mycelium |
| Pseudotracheae |
Ridged
grooves on the ventral surface of the labellum of some flies, used to take
up liquid food |
| Psocoptera |
Order
of insects: booklice. |
| Pteral
tympanum |
Hearing
organ on the wings of Lepidoptera and Neuroptera |
| Pterines |
Pigments
which produce white, yellow, red and fluorescence |
| Pterostigma |
Pigmented
or defined opaque area near the distal end of the anterior margin of the
wing. |
| Pterothorax |
The
meso- and metathorax of winged insects, collectively |
|
Pterygotes |
Winged
insects |
| Ptilinum |
A
sac-like, inflatable, pulsatile, cuticular organ on the head of Diptera
(flies). Aids emergence from the puparium. |
| Pulvillus |
Lateral
lobes of the pretarsus found beneath the claws. |
| Pupa |
Stage
between larva and adult in holometabolous insects |
| Puparium |
Barrel-shaped
capsule formed by hardened cuticle of final instar larva e.g. Blowflies |
|
Pycnidia |
Enclosed
structure with conidia on short conidiophores |
| Pygopods |
Eversible
locomotory appendages on 10th abdominal segment of pterygote
larvae |
| Pyloric
valve |
Forms
a boundary between the midgut and hindgut. |
| Sachet |
Fluid
excretion encapsulated within a membrane-like sac |
| Sacculus |
Pit
of the coeloconic sensillum |
| Safener |
A
chemical added to a pesticide to keep it from injuring plants> |
| Salivarium |
Ventral
area of preoral cavity (formed by the hypopharynx) |
| Saltatorial |
Adapted
for jumping |
| Saprogenesis |
The
period in the life cycle of a pathogen when it is not associated with living
tissues of its host i.e. it is sapophytic. This may include a period of
dormancy |
| Saprophagy |
‘putrid
eating’, feeding on dead things |
| Saprophyte |
A plant living on dead or decaying organic matter |
| Sarcody |
Swelling
of bark beyond girdling wounds or cankers. . |
| Scab |
A
limited, more or less circular, raised and sometimes roughened lesion on
fruits, tubers, leaves and stems, resulting from an overgrowth of epidermal,
cortical, and peridermal tissues. |
| Scaling |
Formation
of scales or corky material where scales normally don't occur. |
| Scansorial |
Adapted
for climbing |
| Scarabaeiform |
Larval
type which is C or U-shaped |
| Sclerites |
Hardened
areas of the insect body wall also called "plates" |
| Sclerotes |
Hard
resting structures containing toxins, produced by the fungus which allow
it to survive adverse conditions |
| Sclerotium |
A
firm, frequently rounded, mass of hyphae with or without incorporated host
tissue or soil, and having no spores in or on it (pl. sclerotia) |
| Sclerotin |
Structural
protein that forms the hard part of the integument |
| Scolophorous
organs |
Sense
organs with an auditory function |
| Scorch |
A
sudden drying and browning of large, indefinite areas on leaves and fruits.
Also damage to bark resulting in drying and death. |
| Scototaxis
|
Response
to darkness |
| Scutoscutellar
suture |
Suture
which separates the scutum and the scutellum |
| Scutum |
Mid
sclerite of the alinotum |
| Scutellum |
Posterior
sclerite of the alinotum |
| Sectorial
cross vein |
Connects
two medial branches of radial sector |
| Second
axillary sclerite |
Pivotal
plate of wing base, rests on the pleural wing process, connected with the
radial vein |
| Secondary
pigment cell |
Separates
ommatidia. Pigment can migrate or it may be restricted in the cell. |
| Seminal
vesicle |
Enlargement
of the vas deferens which stores sperm |
| Senescent |
Declining or dying |
| Sensilla |
Simplest sense cells formed from epidermal cells |
| Sensillum |
Sense organ found on tergum 10 of fleas |
| Sensory
neurones |
Associated with sensory structures |
| Septate
hypha |
Hyphae
which have septa |
| Septum |
Cross
wall of a hypha, spore etc (pl. septa) that has a central pore to allow
cytoplasmic continuity throughout |
| Serology |
Method
for identifying microorganisms based on the fact that an organism may be
used as an antigen |
| Shelling |
Large
scale loss of leaves through premature abscission. |
| Shot-hole
|
Holes
in leaves caused by the prompt falling out of the killed spots of tissue. |
| Silvering |
A
silvery sheen or gray luster of leaf or primary bark surfaces due to the
development of unnatural air spaces beneath the epidermis. |
| Siphonaptera |
Order of insects: fleas. |
| Somites |
Body segments |
| Sorus |
A
spore mass (especially Uredinales and Ustilaginales) (pl. sori) |
|
Speciation |
The origination of new species |
| Spermatium |
A
+ or - sex cell (especially of Uredinales) (pl. spermatia) |
| Spermatogenesis |
Formation
of spermatozoa |
| Spermatagonia |
Male
germ cells that divide and form spermatocytes |
| Spermatazoa |
Cells
that divide and become the spermatazoa |
| Spermatheca |
A
sac which stores sperm inside the female |
| Spermatids |
Developing
male cells formed by division of spermatocytes |
| Spermatocytes |
Cells
that divide and become the spermatazoa |
| Spermatophore |
Container
which protects, envelopes and transfers sperm from the male to the female |
| Sphragis |
Mating
plug in Lepidoptera |
| Spicisetae |
Setae
composed of sharply pointed overlapping scales |
| Spike-top |
Death
of the entire crown of the tree in a pattern that resembles staghead. |
| Spinasternum |
Smaller,
posterior plate of sternum |
| Spiracles |
A
pore in the integument which serves for gas exchange |
| Spiroplasma |
Prokaryotic
organism (mollicutes) that is helical (spiral) in shape |
| Sporangium |
A
container that holds asexual spores (pl. sporangia) usually found in the
Lower Fungi |
| Spore |
General term for the reproductive units of fungi that consist of one or
a few cells |
| Sporidium |
A
basidiospore of the uredinales or ustilaginales (pl. sporidia) |
| Spot
|
Circular,
areolate, or irregular discoloured and dead areas on leaves, fruits or green
stems.. |
| Spray-topping |
Application of low rates of herbicide to weeds prior to or in early flowering
to substantially reduce the number of viable seeds set by plants and hence
the soil seed bank for future years |
| Spray-grazing |
The application of sub-lethal doses of herbicides e.g. glyphosate, to weeds
to increase their sugar content and palatability, thereby encouraging livestock
to graze them in preference to other pasture plants |
| Spumaline |
Froth
which used t envelop insects and make it invisible |
| Squamae
(alula, calypters). |
Pair
of membranous lobes found in the posterobasal portion in some Diptera. |
| Stage |
Synonymous
with the term instar |
| Stadium |
Interval
of time between moults or the duration of an instar |
| Staghead |
Dieback
or flagging of entire large branches in the crown, or of the entire top
of the tree. |
| Stemmata |
Larval
visual organs in the head region where the compound eye will develop |
| Sternites |
Sclerites
of the ventral part of the body wall (sternum) |
| Sternacostal
suture |
Transverse
suture dividing the mediosternite into a basisternum and sternellum. |
| Sternellum |
Posterior
sclerite of the mediosternite. |
| Sternorrhyncha |
Suborder
of the Hemiptera (bugs) e.g. coccids, aphids, scale insects. |
| Sternum |
The
sclerotized ventral area of the thorax |
| Stipes |
Large
segment of maxilla; bears galea and lacinia |
| Stomodeal
nervous system |
Part
of visceral nervous system; associated with the brain, aorta and foregut. |
| Stomodaeal
(cardiac) valve |
Sphincter
which controls the flow of food into the midgut |
| Streak |
Elongated,
narrow, superficial lesions which are first waterSoaked then brown in foliage
or green stems. In wood there is discolouration in axial streaks within
the outer, conducting layer of sapwood resulting from deterioration of the
wood structure or extraneous components. |
| Strepsiptera |
Order
of insects. Greek, streptos = twisted, pteron = wing |
| Stridulation |
Production
of sound by friction |
| Stripe |
Streak
symptom in monocots. |
| Stunting
|
A
type of dwarfing in which the entire plant is subnormal in size. |
| Stylets |
Elongate,
narrow modifications of generalised, chewing mouthparts |
| Styloconic
sensillum |
Tooth
or peg-like sense organ |
| Stylus |
Small
abdominal appendage |
| Subalare |
A
sclerite at the base of the wing, posterior of the pleural wing process
|
| Subcostal
vein |
Second
vein; articulates with the first axillary sclerite |
| Subgena
|
Narrow
area above the mouthparts. |
| Subimago |
Stage
between the naiad and adult. Subimago has functional wings and undergoes
ecdysis to produce the adult stage |
| Suboesophageal
ganglion |
Anteriormost
ganglion of the ventral nerve cord |
| Succession |
The
change of plant communties over time |
| Sulcus |
Externally
visible line formed by the inflection of cuticle |
| Supernumerary
sperm |
Sperm
not used in fertilisation |
| Superposition
eye |
Forms
an image when light reaching one rhabdom is transmitted from adjacent ommatidia.
Found in nocturnal, crepuscular insects |
|
Suppression |
Complete
prevention of organ development. |
| Sutures |
Seams
produced by the union of adjacent sclerites |
| Symbiont |
An organism having a mutually beneficial relationship with a dissimilar
organism |
| Symmetry |
Type
or order where an object will coincide with its mirror image |
| Sympatric
speciation |
Sym
= Greek for 'together'; patria = Greek for 'country' (fatherland).
Origin of a new species within the range of its ancestor |
| Symphyta |
Suborder
of the Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) |
|
Sympleisomorphies |
Shared
primitive characters, often useful in diagnoses, but not capable of defining
monophyletic groups, e.g. Insects have antennae, but so do other hexapods,
myriapods, etc. |
|
Synapomorphies |
Shared
derived characters, the only characters that can be used to support monophyletic
taxa, e.g. Pterygote insects are the only arthropods to have wings |
| Systematics |
The study of the classification of organisms, their relationships and evolutionary
history |
| Systemic
|
Throughout
the body |
| Tabtoxin |
A Low molecular weight bacterial toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae
pathovars which affects normal metabolism of the host |
| Taenidia |
Cuticular
rings which strengthen the trachea |
|
Tagma |
Discrete
units of an arthropod’s exoskeleton formed by the fusion of segments
into functional units (e.g. thorax) (pl. Tagmata) |
| Tagmosis |
Organisational
process where somites fuse to form distinct tagma e.g. Head, thorax, abdomen |
| Tarsus |
Most
distal part of the leg which is broad and flat, divided into several "segments"
(tarsomeres). |
| Taxonomy |
The science of naming and identifying organisms. |
| Tectiform |
Wings
held in a roof-like position over the body when at rest for e.g. booklice
(Order Psocoptera) |
| Tegmen |
Leathery
forewing found in Orthoptera, Mantodea and Blattodea. Protects the hindwing
when at rest |
| Tegula |
Lobe-like
prothoracic structure covering the base of the forewings |
| Teliospore |
The spore of the Uredinales and Ustilaginales from which the basidium is
produced; initially dikaryotic |
| Teletoky |
Production
of females from unfertilised eggs (no males) |
| Telopodite |
Remainder
of the leg segments |
| Telotrophic
ovary |
Trophocytes
are confined to the apex of each ovariole |
| Teneral |
Describes
the adult shortly after emergence; integument is not hardened or fully coloured |
| Tentorium
|
Internal
cuticular framework of the head |
| Tergites |
Sclerites
of the dorsal part of the body (tergum) |
| Thanatosis |
Feigning
death |
| Therapeutic
weed control |
Approach
that aims to suppress an infestation or symptom, attemps to reduce losses
by treating infestation in the current crop. |
| Thigmotactic |
Species
that live in close proximity or in contact with a surface or in a crevice.
Movement is inhibited by contact with sufaces |
| Third
axillary sclerite |
The
flexor sclerite of the wing base, articulates with the anal vein(s). |
| Thysanoptera |
Order
of insects: thrips. Greek, thysanos = fringe, pteron = wing
|
| Thysanura |
Class
of entogonathous hexapods: silverfish. Greek, thysanos = fringe,
oura = tail |
| Tibia |
Fourth
segment of the leg ("shin") |
| Tillage |
Disturbance
of soil by mechanical means usually as a preparation for sowing of crops
or pastures |
| Tonofibrillae |
Cuticular
fibrils connecting muscles to the integument |
| Tormagen
cell |
Socket
for the trichogen cell |
| Trachea |
Largest
tubes of the respiratory system |
| Tracheoles |
Smaller
tubules of the tracheal system |
| Trichoptera |
Order
of insects: caddisflies. Greek, Thrix = hair, pteron = wing
|
| Trichogen
cell |
Cuticular
sensory recpetive portion of the trichoid sensillum |
| Trichosor |
A
setose thickening of the wing membrane along the margin |
| Tritocerebrum
|
Posteriormost
part of the brain |
| Triturating
surface |
Grinding
surface in the proventriculus |
| Triungulin |
An
active, dispersive first-instar larva |
| Triungulinid |
Mobile
first instar larva of Strepsiptera |
| Trochanter |
Basal
segment of the telepodite and second of the leg. |
| Trochantin
|
Small
sclerite at the base of the leg |
|
Trophic level |
The
level at which energy in a food web resides, e.g. Primary producers (green
plants) produce energy and therefore reside on the 1st trophic
level, primary consumers (herbivores) hold energy at the 2nd
trophic level |
| Trophocytes |
Nurse
cells of the ovary or testis |
| Trophollaxis |
Exchange
of food between insects of the same or different species |
|
Tumefaction |
Local swelling on any part of the plant, usually woody roots, stem, or branches
and usually resulting from stimulation of the plant meristem by the pathogen. |
| Turbinate
eyes |
An
eye on a cylindrical stalk |
| Tympanal
organ |
"Ears"
of insects |
| Tympanum |
Insect
"eardrum" |
- A